The objective of(architecture design)is to determine what parts of the application software will be assigned to what hardware. The major software components of the system being developed have to be identified and then allocated to the various hardware components on which the system will operate. All software systems can be divided into four basic functions. The first is(data storage).Most information systems require data to be stored and retrieved, whether a small file,such as a memo produced by a word processor, or a large database, such as one that stores an organization's accounting records.The second function is the(data access logic),the processing required to access data, which often means database queries in Structured Query Language. The third function is the (application logic),which is the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases,and functional requirements.The fourth function is the presentation logic,the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user's commands.The three primary hardware components of a system are (clients,servers,and network).
系统架构设计的核心目标是明确应用软件各模块对应的硬件部署分配,需先识别系统核心软件组件再完成硬件适配,要注意区分开仅关注软件内部分模块的模块化设计、侧重物理部署细节的物理设计,以及作为其分支的分布式设计。所有软件系统可拆解为四大基础功能:一是数据存储功能,承担从小型文档到大型业务数据库等各类数据的存储与调取任务,并非数据访问组件、数据库管理系统这类实现载体或数据实体这类概念;二是数据访问逻辑,指对数据进行访问、操作的处理逻辑,常以SQL查询等形式落地,要和侧重数据留存的数据持久化、作为实现模式的数据访问对象、仅为单一连接机制的数据库连接区分开;三是应用逻辑,对应数据流图、用例及功能需求中定义的核心业务处理逻辑,不是系统需求说明、系统架构结构或应用程序实体;四是展示逻辑,负责信息向用户的呈现及用户指令的接收。系统的三大核心硬件组件为客户端、服务器与网络,客户端主要承担用户交互功能,服务器提供数据存储、计算等核心服务,网络则实现二者间的通信传输,这和CPU、内存等硬件内部构件,或是未明确区分客户端与服务器的笼统计算机网络概念有本质区别。
本题考察的是系统架构设计的目标与软件系统的四大基本功能。
语境定位:原句为 “The objective of ____ is to determine what parts of the application software will be assigned to what hardware.”。空前 The objective of;空后 is to determine what parts of 是判断本空的关键。
答案判断:空后出现 of 结构,说明本空通常是名词性中心词;句意需要“架构设计,决定软件组件如何分配到硬件和网络环境中”。因此应选 architecture design。
选项辨析:
A. architecture design:架构设计旨在确定应用软件的不同部分将运行在哪些硬件组件上,符合语境。
B. modular design:模块化设计关注软件内部模块划分,不是本题所述目标,错误。
C. physical design:物理设计涉及系统物理部署,但不是本题强调的初步架构分配,错误。
D. distribution design:分布式设计是架构设计的一部分,但范围更窄,错误。
因此,选项 A 正确。
